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Upgrade version of Postgres

This guide will show you how to use KubeDB ops-manager operator to upgrade the version of Postgres cr.

Before You Begin

  • At first, you need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using kind.

  • Install KubeDB provisioner and enterprise operator in your cluster following the steps here.

  • You should be familiar with the following KubeDB concepts:

To keep everything isolated, we are going to use a separate namespace called demo throughout this tutorial.

$ kubectl create ns demo
namespace/demo created

Note: YAML files used in this tutorial are stored in docs/guides/postgres/upgrading/versionupgrading/yamls directory of kubedb/docs repository.

Apply Version Upgrading on Postgres

Here, we are going to deploy a Postgres instance using a supported version by KubeDB provisioner. Then we are going to apply upgrade-ops-request on it.

Prepare Postgres

At first, we are going to deploy a Postgres using supported Postgres version whether it is possible to upgrade from this version to another. In the next two sections, we are going to find out the supported version and version upgrade constraints.

Find supported PostgresVersion:

When you have installed KubeDB, it has created PostgresVersion CR for all supported Postgres versions. Let’s check support versions,

$ kubectl get postgresversion
NAME                       VERSION   DISTRIBUTION   DB_IMAGE                               DEPRECATED   AGE
10.16                      10.16     Official       postgres:10.16-alpine                               63s
10.16-debian               10.16     Official       postgres:10.16                                      63s
10.19                      10.19     Official       postgres:10.19-bullseye                             63s
10.19-bullseye             10.19     Official       postgres:10.19-bullseye                             63s
11.11                      11.11     Official       postgres:11.11-alpine                               63s
11.11-debian               11.11     Official       postgres:11.11                                      63s
11.14                      11.14     Official       postgres:11.14-alpine                               63s
11.14-bullseye             11.14     Official       postgres:11.14-bullseye                             63s
11.14-bullseye-postgis     11.14     PostGIS        postgis/postgis:11-3.1                              63s
12.6                       12.6      Official       postgres:12.6-alpine                                63s
12.6-debian                12.6      Official       postgres:12.6                                       63s
12.9                       12.9      Official       postgres:12.9-alpine                                63s
12.9-bullseye              12.9      Official       postgres:12.9-bullseye                              63s
12.9-bullseye-postgis      12.9      PostGIS        postgis/postgis:12-3.1                              63s
13.2                       13.2      Official       postgres:13.2-alpine                                63s
13.2-debian                13.2      Official       postgres:13.2                                       63s
13.5                       13.5      Official       postgres:13.5-alpine                                63s
13.5-bullseye              13.5      Official       postgres:13.5-bullseye                              63s
13.5-bullseye-postgis      13.5      PostGIS        postgis/postgis:13-3.1                              63s
14.1                       14.1      Official       postgres:14.1-alpine                                63s
14.1-bullseye              14.1      Official       postgres:14.1-bullseye                              63s
14.1-bullseye-postgis      14.1      PostGIS        postgis/postgis:14-3.1                              63s
9.6.21                     9.6.21    Official       postgres:9.6.21-alpine                              63s
9.6.21-debian              9.6.21    Official       postgres:9.6.21                                     63s
9.6.24                     9.6.24    Official       postgres:9.6.24-alpine                              63s
9.6.24-bullseye            9.6.24    Official       postgres:9.6.24-bullseye                            63s
timescaledb-2.1.0-pg11     11.11     TimescaleDB    timescale/timescaledb:2.1.0-pg11-oss                63s
timescaledb-2.1.0-pg12     12.6      TimescaleDB    timescale/timescaledb:2.1.0-pg12-oss                63s
timescaledb-2.1.0-pg13     13.2      TimescaleDB    timescale/timescaledb:2.1.0-pg13-oss                63s
timescaledb-2.5.0-pg14.1   14.1      TimescaleDB    timescale/timescaledb:2.5.0-pg14-oss                63s

The version above that does not show DEPRECATED true is supported by KubeDB for Postgres. You can use any non-deprecated version. Now, we are going to select a non-deprecated version from PostgresVersion for Postgres Instance that will be possible to upgrade from this version to another version. In the next section, we are going to verify version upgrade constraints.

Check Upgrade Constraints:

When you are trying to update make sure that from current version the target version upgrade is supported.

Current VersionUpgradeable Minor VersionsUpgradeable Major Versions
9.6.219.6.2410.16, 11.11, 12.6, 13.2
9.6.21-debian9.6.24-bullseye12.6-debian, 13.2-debian
9.6.24-10.19, 11.14, 12.9, 13.5, 14.1
9.6.24-bullseye-10.19-bullseye, 11.14-bullseye, 12.9-bullseye, 13.5-bullseye, 14.1-bullseye
10.1610.1911.11, 12.6, 13.2
10.16-debian10.19-bullseye11.11-debian
10.19-11.14, 12.9, 13.5, 14.1
10.19-bullseye-11.14-bullseye, 12.9-bullseye, 13.5-bullseye, 14.1-bullseye
11.1111.1412.6, 13.2
11.11-debian11.14-bullseye-
11.14-12.9, 13.5, 14.1
11.14-bullseye-12.9-bullseye, 13.5-bullseye, 14.1-bullseye
12.612.913.2
12.6-debian12.9-bullseye13.2-debian
12.9-13.5, 14.1
12.9-bullseye-13.5-bullseye, 14.1-bullseye
13.213.5-
13.2-debian13.5-bullseye-
13.5-14.1
13.5-bullseye-14.1-bullseye
14.1--
14.1-bullseye--

For Example: If you want to update from 9.6.21 to 14.1. From the table, you can see that you can’t directly upgrade from 9.6.21 to 14.1. So what you need to is first upgrade 9.6.21 to 9.6.24. then try to update from 9.6.24 to 14.1.

Let’s get one of the postgresversion YAML:

$ kubectl get postgresversion 13.2 -o yaml | kubectl neat
apiVersion: catalog.kubedb.com/v1alpha1
kind: PostgresVersion
metadata:
  annotations:
    meta.helm.sh/release-name: kubedb
    meta.helm.sh/release-namespace: kubedb
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/instance: kubedb
    app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm
    app.kubernetes.io/name: kubedb-catalog
    app.kubernetes.io/version: v2021.11.24
    helm.sh/chart: kubedb-catalog-v2021.11.24
  name: "13.2"
spec:
  coordinator:
    image: kubedb/pg-coordinator:v0.8.0
  db:
    image: postgres:13.2-alpine
  distribution: Official
  exporter:
    image: prometheuscommunity/postgres-exporter:v0.9.0
  initContainer:
    image: kubedb/postgres-init:0.4.0
  podSecurityPolicies:
    databasePolicyName: postgres-db
  securityContext:
    runAsAnyNonRoot: false
    runAsUser: 70
  stash:
    addon:
      backupTask:
        name: postgres-backup-13.1
      restoreTask:
        name: postgres-restore-13.1
  version: "13.2"

Deploy Postgres Instance:

In this section, we are going to deploy a Postgres Instance. Then, in the next section, we will upgrade the version of the database using upgrading. Below is the YAML of the Postgres cr that we are going to create,

apiVersion: kubedb.com/v1alpha2
kind: Postgres
metadata:
  name: pg
  namespace: demo
spec:
  version: "11.11"
  replicas: 3
  standbyMode: Hot
  storageType: Durable
  storage:
    storageClassName: "standard"
    accessModes:
      - ReadWriteOnce
    resources:
      requests:
        storage: 1Gi
  terminationPolicy: WipeOut

Let’s create the Postgres cr we have shown above,

$ kubectl create -f https://github.com/kubedb/docs/raw/v2023.01.17/docs/guides/postgres/upgrading/versionupgrading/yamls/postgres.yaml
postgres.kubedb.com/pg created

Wait for the database to be ready:

KubeDB operator watches for Postgres objects using Kubernetes API. When a Postgres object is created, KubeDB operator will create a new StatefulSet, Services, and Secrets, etc. A secret called pg-auth (format: {postgres-object-name}-auth) will be created storing the password for postgres superuser. Now, watch Postgres is going to Running state and also watch StatefulSet and its pod is created and going to Running state,

$ watch -n 3 kubectl get postgres -n demo
Every 3.0s: kubectl get postgres -n demo     
            
NAME   VERSION   STATUS   AGE
pg     11.11     Ready    3m17s

$ watch -n 3 kubectl get sts -n demo pg
Every 3.0s: kubectl get sts -n demo pg                              ac-emon: Tue Nov 30 11:38:12 2021

NAME   READY   AGE
pg     3/3     4m17s

$ watch -n 3 kubectl get pod -n demo
Every 3.0s: kubectl get pods -n demo

Every 3.0s: kubectl get pods -n demo                                ac-emon: Tue Nov 30 11:39:03 2021

NAME   READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pg-0   2/2     Running   0          4m55s
pg-1   2/2     Running   0          3m15s
pg-2   2/2     Running   0          3m11s

Let’s verify the Postgres, the StatefulSet and its Pod image version,

$ kubectl get pg -n demo pg -o=jsonpath='{.spec.version}{"\n"}'
11.11

$  kubectl get sts -n demo pg -o=jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].image}{"\n"}'
postgres:11.11-alpine

$ kubectl get pod -n demo pg-0 -o=jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].image}{"\n"}'
postgres:11.11-alpine

We are ready to apply upgrading on this Postgres Instance.

Upgrade

Here, we are going to upgrade Postgres Instance from 11.11 to 13.2.

Create PostgresOpsRequest:

To upgrade the Instance, you have to create a PostgresOpsRequest cr with your desired version that supported by KubeDB. Below is the YAML of the PostgresOpsRequest cr that we are going to create,

apiVersion: ops.kubedb.com/v1alpha1
kind: PostgresOpsRequest
metadata:
  name: pg-upgrade
  namespace: demo
spec:
  type: UpdateVersion
  upgrade:
    targetVersion: "13.2"
  databaseRef:
    name: pg

Here,

  • spec.databaseRef.name specifies that we are performing operation on pg-group Postgres database.
  • spec.type specifies that we are going to perform Upgrade on our database.
  • spec.upgrade.targetVersion specifies expected version 13.2 after upgrading.

Let’s create the PostgresOpsRequest cr we have shown above,

$ kubectl apply -f https://github.com/kubedb/docs/raw/v2023.01.17/docs/guides/postgres/upgrading/versionupgrading/yamls/upgrade_version.yaml
postgresopsrequest.ops.kubedb.com/pg-upgrade created

Verify Postgres version upgraded successfully:

If everything goes well, KubeDB ops-manager operator will update the image of Postgres, StatefulSet, and its Pod.

At first, we will wait for PostgresOpsRequest to be successful. Run the following command to watch PostgresOpsRequest cr,

$ watch -n 3 kubectl get PostgresOpsRequest -n demo pg-upgrade
Every 3.0s: kubectl get PostgresOpsRequest -n demo pg-upgrade

NAME                          TYPE      STATUS       AGE
pg-upgrade                    Upgrade   Successful   3m57s

We can see from the above output that the PostgresOpsRequest has succeeded. If we describe the PostgresOpsRequest, we shall see that the Postgres, StatefulSet, and its Pod have updated with a new image.

$ kubectl describe PostgresOpsRequest -n demo pg-upgrade
Name:         pg-upgrade
Namespace:    demo
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  ops.kubedb.com/v1alpha1
Kind:         PostgresOpsRequest
Metadata:
  Creation Timestamp:  2021-11-30T07:29:04Z
  Generation:          1
  Managed Fields:
    API Version:  ops.kubedb.com/v1alpha1
    Fields Type:  FieldsV1
    fieldsV1:
      f:metadata:
        f:annotations:
          .:
          f:kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration:
      f:spec:
        .:
        f:databaseRef:
          .:
          f:name:
        f:type:
        f:upgrade:
          .:
          f:targetVersion:
    Manager:      kubectl-client-side-apply
    Operation:    Update
    Time:         2021-11-30T07:29:04Z
    API Version:  ops.kubedb.com/v1alpha1
    Fields Type:  FieldsV1
    fieldsV1:
      f:status:
        .:
        f:conditions:
        f:observedGeneration:
        f:phase:
    Manager:         kubedb-enterprise
    Operation:       Update
    Time:            2021-11-30T07:29:04Z
  Resource Version:  638178
  UID:               d18198d9-0d27-449d-9a1d-edf60c7bdf38
Spec:
  Database Ref:
    Name:  pg
  Type:    Upgrade
  Upgrade:
    Target Version:  13.2
Status:
  Conditions:
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:29:04Z
    Message:               Postgres ops request is upgrading database version
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                UpgradeVersion
    Status:                True
    Type:                  UpgradeVersion
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:29:04Z
    Message:               Successfully copied binaries for old postgres version
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                CopiedOldBinaries
    Status:                True
    Type:                  CopiedOldBinaries
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:29:04Z
    Message:               Successfully updated statefulsets update strategy type
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                UpdateStatefulSets
    Status:                True
    Type:                  UpdateStatefulSets
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:29:10Z
    Message:               Successfully Transferred Leadership to first node before pg-coordinator paused
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                TransferLeaderShipToFirstNodeBeforeCoordinatorPaused
    Status:                True
    Type:                  TransferLeaderShipToFirstNodeBeforeCoordinatorPaused
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:29:10Z
    Message:               Successfully Pause Pg-Coordinator
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                PausePgCoordinator
    Status:                True
    Type:                  PausePgCoordinator
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:29:50Z
    Message:               Successfully Updated primary Image
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                UpdatePrimaryImage
    Status:                True
    Type:                  UpdatePrimaryImage
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:29:52Z
    Message:               Successfully Initialized new data directory
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                DataDirectoryInitialized
    Status:                True
    Type:                  DataDirectoryInitialized
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:29:59Z
    Message:               Successfully Upgraded new data directory
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                PgUpgraded
    Status:                True
    Type:                  PgUpgraded
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:29:59Z
    Message:               Successfully Rename new data directory
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                ReplacedDataDirectory
    Status:                True
    Type:                  ReplacedDataDirectory
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:30:24Z
    Message:               Successfully Transfer Primary Role to first node
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                TransferPrimaryRoleToDefault
    Status:                True
    Type:                  TransferPrimaryRoleToDefault
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:30:29Z
    Message:               Successfully running the primary
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                ResumePgCoordinator
    Status:                True
    Type:                  ResumePgCoordinator
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:32:24Z
    Message:               Successfully Updated replica Images
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                UpdateStandbyPodImage
    Status:                True
    Type:                  UpdateStandbyPodImage
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:32:24Z
    Message:               Successfully Updated cluster Image
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                UpdateStatefulSetImage
    Status:                True
    Type:                  UpdateStatefulSetImage
    Last Transition Time:  2021-11-30T07:32:24Z
    Message:               Successfully completed the modification process.
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                Successful
    Status:                True
    Type:                  Successful
  Observed Generation:     1
  Phase:                   Successful
Events:
  Type    Reason                                                Age    From                        Message
  ----    ------                                                ----   ----                        -------
  Normal  PauseDatabase                                         3m50s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Pausing Postgres demo/pg
  Normal  PauseDatabase                                         3m50s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully paused Postgres demo/pg
  Normal  Updating                                              3m50s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Updating StatefulSets
  Normal  Updating                                              3m50s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully Updated StatefulSets
  Normal  TransferLeaderShipToFirstNodeBeforeCoordinatorPaused  3m44s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully Transferred Leadership to first node before pg-coordinator paused
  Normal  UpdatePrimaryImage                                    3m4s   KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully Updated primary Image
  Normal  TransferPrimaryRoleToDefault                          2m30s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully Transfer Primary Role to first node
  Normal  ResumePgCoordinator                                   2m25s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully running the primary
  Normal  UpdateStandbyPodImage                                 30s    KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully Updated replica Images
  Normal  ResumeDatabase                                        30s    KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Resuming PostgreSQL demo/pg
  Normal  ResumeDatabase                                        30s    KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully resumed PostgreSQL demo/pg
  Normal  Successful                                            30s    KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully Updated Database
  Normal  Successful                                            30s    KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully Updated Database

Now, we are going to verify whether the Postgres, StatefulSet and it’s Pod have updated with new image. Let’s check,

$ kubectl get postgres -n demo pg -o=jsonpath='{.spec.version}{"\n"}'
13.2

$ kubectl get sts -n demo pg -o=jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].image}{"\n"}'
postgres:13.2-alpine

$ kubectl get pod -n demo pg-0 -o=jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].image}{"\n"}'
postgres:13.2-alpine

You can see above that our Postgres has been updated with the new version. It verifies that we have successfully upgraded our Postgres Instance.

Cleaning Up

To clean up the Kubernetes resources created by this tutorial, run:

kubectl delete postgres -n demo pg
kubectl delete PostgresOpsRequest -n demo pg-upgrade