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Storage Autoscaling of a MariaDB Cluster

This guide will show you how to use KubeDB to autoscale the storage of a MariaDB Replicaset database.

Before You Begin

At first, you need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster.
Install KubeDB Community, Enterprise and Autoscaler operator in your cluster following the steps here.
Install Metrics Server from here
Install Prometheus from here
You must have a StorageClass that supports volume expansion.
You should be familiar with the following KubeDB concepts:

To keep everything isolated, we are going to use a separate namespace called demo throughout this tutorial.

$ kubectl create ns demo
namespace/demo created

Storage Autoscaling of Cluster Database

At first verify that your cluster has a storage class, that supports volume expansion. Let’s check,

$ kubectl get storageclass
NAME                  PROVISIONER             RECLAIMPOLICY   VOLUMEBINDINGMODE      ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION   AGE
standard (default)    rancher.io/local-path   Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   false                  79m
topolvm-provisioner   topolvm.cybozu.com      Delete          WaitForFirstConsumer   true                   78m

We can see from the output the topolvm-provisioner storage class has ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION field as true. So, this storage class supports volume expansion. We can use it. You can install topolvm from here

Now, we are going to deploy a MariaDB replicaset using a supported version by KubeDB operator. Then we are going to apply MariaDBAutoscaler to set up autoscaling.

Deploy MariaDB Cluster

In this section, we are going to deploy a MariaDB replicaset database with version 10.5.23. Then, in the next section we will set up autoscaling for this database using MariaDBAutoscaler CRD. Below is the YAML of the MariaDB CR that we are going to create,

If you want to autoscale MariaDB Standalone, Just remove the spec.Replicas from the below yaml and rest of the steps are same.

apiVersion: kubedb.com/v1alpha2
kind: MariaDB
metadata:
  name: sample-mariadb
  namespace: demo
spec:
  version: "10.5.23"
  replicas: 3
  storageType: Durable
  storage:
    storageClassName: "topolvm-provisioner"
    accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
    resources:
      requests:
        storage: 1Gi
  terminationPolicy: WipeOut

Let’s create the MariaDB CRO we have shown above,

$ kubectl create -f https://github.com/kubedb/docs/raw/v2023.12.28/docs/guides/mariadb/autoscaler/storage/cluster/examples/sample-mariadb.yaml
mariadb.kubedb.com/sample-mariadb created

Now, wait until sample-mariadb has status Ready. i.e,

$ kubectl get mariadb -n demo
NAME             VERSION   STATUS   AGE
sample-mariadb   10.5.23    Ready    3m46s

Let’s check volume size from statefulset, and from the persistent volume,

$ kubectl get sts -n demo sample-mariadb -o json | jq '.spec.volumeClaimTemplates[].spec.resources.requests.storage'
"1Gi"

$ kubectl get pv -n demo
NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM                        STORAGECLASS          REASON   AGE
pvc-43266d76-f280-4cca-bd78-d13660a84db9   1Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound    demo/data-sample-mariadb-2   topolvm-provisioner            57s
pvc-4a509b05-774b-42d9-b36d-599c9056af37   1Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound    demo/data-sample-mariadb-0   topolvm-provisioner            58s
pvc-c27eee12-cd86-4410-b39e-b1dd735fc14d   1Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound    demo/data-sample-mariadb-1   topolvm-provisioner            57s

You can see the statefulset has 1GB storage, and the capacity of all the persistent volume is also 1GB.

We are now ready to apply the MariaDBAutoscaler CRO to set up storage autoscaling for this database.

Storage Autoscaling

Here, we are going to set up storage autoscaling using a MariaDBAutoscaler Object.

Create MariaDBAutoscaler Object

In order to set up vertical autoscaling for this replicaset database, we have to create a MariaDBAutoscaler CRO with our desired configuration. Below is the YAML of the MariaDBAutoscaler object that we are going to create,

apiVersion: autoscaling.kubedb.com/v1alpha1
kind: MariaDBAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: md-as-st
  namespace: demo
spec:
  databaseRef:
    name: sample-mariadb
  storage:
    mariadb:
      trigger: "On"
      usageThreshold: 20
      scalingThreshold: 20
      expansionMode: "Online"

Here,

spec.databaseRef.name specifies that we are performing vertical scaling operation on sample-mariadb database.
spec.storage.mariadb.trigger specifies that storage autoscaling is enabled for this database.
spec.storage.mariadb.usageThreshold specifies storage usage threshold, if storage usage exceeds 20% then storage autoscaling will be triggered.
spec.storage.mariadb.scalingThreshold specifies the scaling threshold. Storage will be scaled to 20% of the current amount.
spec.storage.mariadb.expansionMode specifies the expansion mode of volume expansion MariaDBOpsRequest created by MariaDBAutoscaler. topolvm-provisioner supports online volume expansion so here expansionMode is set as “Online”.

Let’s create the MariaDBAutoscaler CR we have shown above,

$ kubectl apply -f https://github.com/kubedb/docs/raw/v2023.12.28/docs/guides/mariadb/autoscaler/storage/cluster/examples/mdas-storage.yaml
mariadbautoscaler.autoscaling.kubedb.com/md-as-st created

Storage Autoscaling is set up successfully

Let’s check that the mariadbautoscaler resource is created successfully,

$ kubectl get mariadbautoscaler -n demo
NAME           AGE
md-as-st   33s

$ kubectl describe mariadbautoscaler md-as-st -n demo
Name:         md-as-st
Namespace:    demo
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  API Version:  autoscaling.kubedb.com/v1alpha1
Kind:         MariaDBAutoscaler
Metadata:
  Creation Timestamp:  2022-01-14T06:08:02Z
  Generation:          1
  Managed Fields:
    ...
  Resource Version:  24009
  UID:               4f45a3b3-fc72-4d04-b52c-a770944311f6
Spec:
  Database Ref:
    Name:  sample-mariadb
  Storage:
    Mariadb:
      Scaling Threshold:  20
      Trigger:            On
      Usage Threshold:    20
Events:                   <none>

So, the mariadbautoscaler resource is created successfully.

Now, for this demo, we are going to manually fill up the persistent volume to exceed the usageThreshold using dd command to see if storage autoscaling is working or not.

Let’s exec into the database pod and fill the database volume(var/lib/mysql) using the following commands:

$ kubectl exec -it -n demo sample-mariadb-0 -- bash
root@sample-mariadb-0:/ df -h /var/lib/mysql
Filesystem                                         Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/topolvm/57cd4330-784f-42c1-bf8e-e743241df164 1014M  357M  658M  36% /var/lib/mysql
root@sample-mariadb-0:/ dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/lib/mysql/file.img bs=500M count=1
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
524288000 bytes (524 MB, 500 MiB) copied, 0.340877 s, 1.5 GB/s
root@sample-mariadb-0:/ df -h /var/lib/mysql
Filesystem                                         Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/topolvm/57cd4330-784f-42c1-bf8e-e743241df164 1014M  857M  158M  85% /var/lib/mysql

So, from the above output we can see that the storage usage is 83%, which exceeded the usageThreshold 20%.

Let’s watch the mariadbopsrequest in the demo namespace to see if any mariadbopsrequest object is created. After some time you’ll see that a mariadbopsrequest of type VolumeExpansion will be created based on the scalingThreshold.

$ kubectl get mariadbopsrequest -n demo
NAME                         TYPE              STATUS        AGE
mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua   VolumeExpansion   Progressing   15s

Let’s wait for the ops request to become successful.

$ kubectl get mariadbopsrequest -n demo
NAME                         TYPE              STATUS       AGE
mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua   VolumeExpansion   Successful   97s

We can see from the above output that the MariaDBOpsRequest has succeeded. If we describe the MariaDBOpsRequest we will get an overview of the steps that were followed to expand the volume of the database.

$ kubectl describe mariadbopsrequest -n demo mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua
Name:         mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua
Namespace:    demo
Labels:       app.kubernetes.io/component=database
              app.kubernetes.io/instance=sample-mariadb
              app.kubernetes.io/managed-by=kubedb.com
              app.kubernetes.io/name=mariadbs.kubedb.com
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  ops.kubedb.com/v1alpha1
Kind:         MariaDBOpsRequest
Metadata:
  Creation Timestamp:  2022-01-14T06:13:10Z
  Generation:          1
  Managed Fields: ...
  Owner References:
    API Version:           autoscaling.kubedb.com/v1alpha1
    Block Owner Deletion:  true
    Controller:            true
    Kind:                  MariaDBAutoscaler
    Name:                  md-as-st
    UID:                   4f45a3b3-fc72-4d04-b52c-a770944311f6
  Resource Version:        25557
  UID:                     90763a49-a03f-407c-a233-fb20c4ab57d7
Spec:
  Database Ref:
    Name:  sample-mariadb
  Type:    VolumeExpansion
  Volume Expansion:
    Mariadb:  1594884096
Status:
  Conditions:
    Last Transition Time:  2022-01-14T06:13:10Z
    Message:               Controller has started to Progress the MariaDBOpsRequest: demo/mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                OpsRequestProgressingStarted
    Status:                True
    Type:                  Progressing
    Last Transition Time:  2022-01-14T06:14:25Z
    Message:               Volume Expansion performed successfully in MariaDB pod for MariaDBOpsRequest: demo/mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                SuccessfullyVolumeExpanded
    Status:                True
    Type:                  VolumeExpansion
    Last Transition Time:  2022-01-14T06:14:25Z
    Message:               Controller has successfully expand the volume of MariaDB demo/mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua
    Observed Generation:   1
    Reason:                OpsRequestProcessedSuccessfully
    Status:                True
    Type:                  Successful
  Observed Generation:     3
  Phase:                   Successful
Events:
  Type    Reason      Age    From                        Message
  ----    ------      ----   ----                        -------
  Normal  Starting    2m58s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Start processing for MariaDBOpsRequest: demo/mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua
  Normal  Starting    2m58s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Pausing MariaDB databse: demo/sample-mariadb
  Normal  Successful  2m58s  KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully paused MariaDB database: demo/sample-mariadb for MariaDBOpsRequest: mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua
  Normal  Successful  103s   KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Volume Expansion performed successfully in MariaDB pod for MariaDBOpsRequest: demo/mops-sample-mariadb-xojkua
  Normal  Starting    103s   KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Updating MariaDB storage
  Normal  Successful  103s   KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully Updated MariaDB storage
  Normal  Starting    103s   KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Resuming MariaDB database: demo/sample-mariadb
  Normal  Successful  103s   KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Successfully resumed MariaDB database: demo/sample-mariadb
  Normal  Successful  103s   KubeDB Enterprise Operator  Controller has Successfully expand the volume of MariaDB: demo/sample-mariadb

Now, we are going to verify from the Statefulset, and the Persistent Volume whether the volume of the replicaset database has expanded to meet the desired state, Let’s check,

$ kubectl get sts -n demo sample-mariadb -o json | jq '.spec.volumeClaimTemplates[].spec.resources.requests.storage'
"1594884096"
$ kubectl get pv -n demo
NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM                        STORAGECLASS          REASON   AGE
pvc-43266d76-f280-4cca-bd78-d13660a84db9   2Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound    demo/data-sample-mariadb-2   topolvm-provisioner            23m
pvc-4a509b05-774b-42d9-b36d-599c9056af37   2Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound    demo/data-sample-mariadb-0   topolvm-provisioner            24m
pvc-c27eee12-cd86-4410-b39e-b1dd735fc14d   2Gi        RWO            Delete           Bound    demo/data-sample-mariadb-1   topolvm-provisioner            23m

The above output verifies that we have successfully autoscaled the volume of the MariaDB replicaset database.

Cleaning Up

To clean up the Kubernetes resources created by this tutorial, run:

kubectl delete mariadb -n demo sample-mariadb
kubectl delete mariadbautoscaler -n demo md-as-st
kubectl delete ns demo

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