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MySQL

What is MySQL

MySQL is a Kubernetes Custom Resource Definitions (CRD). It provides declarative configuration for MySQL in a Kubernetes native way. You only need to describe the desired database configuration in a MySQL object, and the KubeDB operator will create Kubernetes objects in the desired state for you.

MySQL Spec

As with all other Kubernetes objects, a MySQL needs apiVersion, kind, and metadata fields. It also needs a .spec section. Below is an example MySQL object.

apiVersion: kubedb.com/v1
kind: MySQL
metadata:
  name: m1
  namespace: demo
spec:
  version: "8.0.35"
  topology:
    mode: GroupReplication
  authSecret:
    name: m1-auth
  storageType: "Durable"
  storage:
    storageClassName: "standard"
    accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
    resources:
      requests:
        storage: 1Gi
  init:
    script:
      configMap:
        name: my-init-script
  monitor:
    agent: prometheus.io/operator
    prometheus:
      serviceMonitor:
        labels:
          app: kubedb
        interval: 10s
  requireSSL: true
  tls:
    issuerRef:
      apiGroup: cert-manager.io
      kind: Issuer
      name: mysql-issuer
    certificates:
    - alias: server
      subject:
        organizations:
        - kubedb:server
      dnsNames:
      - localhost
      ipAddresses:
      - "127.0.0.1"
  configSecret:
    name: my-custom-config
  podTemplate:
    metadata:
      annotations:
        passMe: ToDatabasePod
    controller:
      annotations:
        passMe: ToPetSet
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: my-service-account
      schedulerName: my-scheduler
      nodeSelector:
        disktype: ssd
      imagePullSecrets:
      - name: myregistrykey
      containers:
      - name: mysql
        args:
        - --character-set-server=utf8mb4
        env:
        - name: MYSQL_DATABASE
          value: myDB
        resources:
          requests:
            memory: "64Mi"
            cpu: "250m"
          limits:
            memory: "128Mi"
            cpu: "500m"
  serviceTemplates:
  - alias: primary
    metadata:
      annotations:
        passMe: ToService
    spec:
      type: NodePort
      ports:
      - name:  http
        port:  9200
  deletionPolicy: Halt

spec.version

spec.version is a required field specifying the name of the MySQLVersion crd where the docker images are specified. Currently, when you install KubeDB, it creates the following MySQLVersion resources,

• 8.0.35, 8.0.35, 8.0.17, 8.0.3-v4
• 8.0.31-innodb
• 5.7.44, 5.7.35-v1,5.7.25-v2

spec.topology

spec.topology is an optional field that provides a way to configure HA, fault-tolerant MySQL cluster. This field enables you to specify the clustering mode. Currently, we support only MySQL Group Replication. KubeDB uses PodDisruptionBudget to ensure that majority of the group replicas are available during voluntary disruptions so that quorum is maintained and no data loss has occurred.

You can specify the following fields in spec.topology field,

• mode specifies the clustering mode for MySQL. For now, the supported value is "GroupReplication" for MySQL Group Replication. This field is required if you want to deploy MySQL cluster.

• group is an optional field to configure a group replication. It contains the following fields:

  • name is an optional field to specify the name for the group. It must be a version 4 UUID if specified.

spec.authSecret

spec.authSecret is an optional field that points to a Secret used to hold credentials for mysql root user. If not set, the KubeDB operator creates a new Secret {mysql-object-name}-auth for storing the password for mysql root user for each MySQL object. If you want to use an existing secret please specify that when creating the MySQL object using spec.authSecret.name.

This secret contains a user key and a password key which contains the username and password respectively for mysql root user. Here, the value of user key is fixed to be root.

Secrets provided by users are not managed by KubeDB, and therefore, won’t be modified or garbage collected by the KubeDB operator (version 0.13.0 and higher).

Example:

$ kubectl create secret generic m1-auth -n demo \
--from-literal=user=root \
--from-literal=password=6q8u_2jMOW-OOZXk
secret "m1-auth" created

apiVersion: v1
data:
  password: NnE4dV8yak1PVy1PT1pYaw==
  user: cm9vdA==
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: m1-auth
  namespace: demo
type: Opaque

spec.storageType

spec.storageType is an optional field that specifies the type of storage to use for the database. It can be either Durable or Ephemeral. The default value of this field is Durable. If Ephemeral is used then KubeDB will create MySQL database using emptyDir volume. In this case, you don’t have to specify spec.storage field.

spec.storage

Since 0.9.0-rc.0, If you set spec.storageType: to Durable, then spec.storage is a required field that specifies the StorageClass of PVCs dynamically allocated to store data for the database. This storage spec will be passed to the PetSet created by KubeDB operator to run database pods. You can specify any StorageClass available in your cluster with appropriate resource requests.

• spec.storage.storageClassName is the name of the StorageClass used to provision PVCs. PVCs don’t necessarily have to request a class. A PVC with its storageClassName set equal to "" is always interpreted to be requesting a PV with no class, so it can only be bound to PVs with no class (no annotation or one set equal to “”). A PVC with no storageClassName is not quite the same and is treated differently by the cluster depending on whether the DefaultStorageClass admission plugin is turned on.
• spec.storage.accessModes uses the same conventions as Kubernetes PVCs when requesting storage with specific access modes.
• spec.storage.resources can be used to request specific quantities of storage. This follows the same resource model used by PVCs.

To learn how to configure spec.storage, please visit the links below:

• https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/#persistentvolumeclaims

spec.init

spec.init is an optional section that can be used to initialize a newly created MySQL database. MySQL databases can be initialized in one of two ways:

• Initialize from Script

Initialize via Script

To initialize a MySQL database using a script (shell script, sql script, etc.), set the spec.init.script section when creating a MySQL object. It will execute files alphabetically with extensions .sh , .sql and .sql.gz that is found in the repository. The scripts inside child folders will be skipped. script must have the following information:

• VolumeSource: Where your script is loaded from.

Below is an example showing how a script from a configMap can be used to initialize a MySQL database.

apiVersion: kubedb.com/v1
kind: MySQL
metadata:
  name: m1
  namespace: demo
spec:
  version: 8.0.35
  init:
    script:
      configMap:
        name: mysql-init-script

In the above example, KubeDB operator will launch a Job to execute all js script of mysql-init-script in alphabetical order once PetSet pods are running. For more details tutorial on how to initialize from script, please visit here.

spec.monitor

MySQL managed by KubeDB can be monitored with builtin-Prometheus and Prometheus operator out-of-the-box. To learn more,

• Monitor MySQL with builtin Prometheus
• Monitor MySQL with Prometheus operator

spec.requireSSL

spec.requireSSL specifies whether the client connections require SSL. If spec.requireSSL is true then the server permits only TCP/IP connections that use SSL, or connections that use a socket file (on Unix) or shared memory (on Windows). The server rejects any non-secure connection attempt. For more details, please visit here

spec.tls

spec.tls specifies the TLS/SSL configurations for the MySQL.

The following fields are configurable in the spec.tls section:

• issuerRef is a reference to the Issuer or ClusterIssuer CR of cert-manager that will be used by KubeDB to generate necessary certificates.

  • apiGroup is the group name of the resource being referenced. The value for Issuer or ClusterIssuer is “cert-manager.io” (cert-manager v0.12.0 and later).
  • kind is the type of resource being referenced. KubeDB supports both Issuer and ClusterIssuer as values for this field.
  • name is the name of the resource (Issuer or ClusterIssuer) being referenced.

• certificates (optional) are a list of certificates used to configure the server and/or client certificate. It has the following fields:

  • alias represents the identifier of the certificate. It has the following possible value:

    • server is used for server certificate identification.
    • client is used for client certificate identification.
    • metrics-exporter is used for metrics exporter certificate identification.

  • secretName (optional) specifies the k8s secret name that holds the certificates.

    This field is optional. If the user does not specify this field, the default secret name will be created in the following format: <database-name>-<cert-alias>-cert.

  • subject (optional) specifies an X.509 distinguished name. It has the following possible field,

    • organizations (optional) are the list of different organization names to be used on the Certificate.
    • organizationalUnits (optional) are the list of different organization unit name to be used on the Certificate.
    • countries (optional) are the list of country names to be used on the Certificate.
    • localities (optional) are the list of locality names to be used on the Certificate.
    • provinces (optional) are the list of province names to be used on the Certificate.
    • streetAddresses (optional) are the list of a street address to be used on the Certificate.
    • postalCodes (optional) are the list of postal code to be used on the Certificate.
    • serialNumber (optional) is a serial number to be used on the Certificate. You can found more details from Here

  • duration (optional) is the period during which the certificate is valid.

  • renewBefore (optional) is a specifiable time before expiration duration.

  • dnsNames (optional) is a list of subject alt names to be used in the Certificate.

  • ipAddresses (optional) is a list of IP addresses to be used in the Certificate.

  • uriSANs (optional) is a list of URI Subject Alternative Names to be set in the Certificate.

  • emailSANs (optional) is a list of email Subject Alternative Names to be set in the Certificate.

spec.configSecret

spec.configSecret is an optional field that allows users to provide custom configuration for MySQL. This field accepts a VolumeSource. So you can use any Kubernetes supported volume source such as configMap, secret, azureDisk etc. To learn more about how to use a custom configuration file see here.

spec.podTemplate

KubeDB allows providing a template for database pod through spec.podTemplate. KubeDB operator will pass the information provided in spec.podTemplate to the PetSet created for the MySQL database.

KubeDB accepts the following fields to set in spec.podTemplate:

• metadata:
  • annotations (pod’s annotation)
• controller:
  • annotations (petset’s annotation)
• spec:
  • containers
  • volumes
  • podPlacementPolicy
  • initContainers
  • imagePullSecrets
  • nodeSelector
  • serviceAccountName
  • schedulerName
  • tolerations
  • priorityClassName
  • priority
  • securityContext

You can check out the full list here. Uses of some field of spec.podTemplate is described below,

spec.podTemplate.spec.tolerations

The spec.podTemplate.spec.tolerations is an optional field. This can be used to specify the pod’s tolerations.

spec.podTemplate.spec.volumes

The spec.podTemplate.spec.volumes is an optional field. This can be used to provide the list of volumes that can be mounted by containers belonging to the pod.

spec.podTemplate.spec.podPlacementPolicy

spec.podTemplate.spec.podPlacementPolicy is an optional field. This can be used to provide the reference of the podPlacementPolicy. This will be used by our Petset controller to place the db pods throughout the region, zone & nodes according to the policy. It utilizes kubernetes affinity & podTopologySpreadContraints feature to do so.

spec.podTemplate.spec.containers

The spec.podTemplate.spec.containers can be used to provide the list containers and their configurations for to the database pod. some of the fields are described below,

spec.podTemplate.spec.containers[].name

The spec.podTemplate.spec.containers[].name field used to specify the name of the container specified as a DNS_LABEL. Each container in a pod must have a unique name (DNS_LABEL). Cannot be updated.

spec.podTemplate.spec.containers[].args

spec.podTemplate.spec.containers[].args is an optional field. This can be used to provide additional arguments to database installation.

spec.podTemplate.spec.containers[].env

spec.podTemplate.spec.containers[].env is an optional field that specifies the environment variables to pass to the MySQL docker image. To know about supported environment variables, please visit here.

Note that, KubeDB does not allow MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD, MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD, MYSQL_RANDOM_ROOT_PASSWORD, and MYSQL_ONETIME_PASSWORD environment variables to set in spec.env. If you want to set the root password, please use spec.authSecret instead described earlier.

If you try to set any of the forbidden environment variables i.e. MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD in MySQL crd, Kubed operator will reject the request with the following error,

Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "./mysql.yaml": admission webhook "mysql.validators.kubedb.com" denied the request: environment variable MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD is forbidden to use in MySQL spec

Also, note that KubeDB does not allow to update the environment variables as updating them does not have any effect once the database is created. If you try to update environment variables, KubeDB operator will reject the request with the following error,

Error from server (BadRequest): error when applying patch:
...
for: "./mysql.yaml": admission webhook "mysql.validators.kubedb.com" denied the request: precondition failed for:
...At least one of the following was changed:
    apiVersion
    kind
    name
    namespace
    spec.authSecret
    spec.init
    spec.storageType
    spec.storage
    spec.podTemplate.spec.nodeSelector
    spec.podTemplate.spec.env

spec.podTemplate.spec.containers[].resources

spec.podTemplate.spec.containers[].resources is an optional field. This can be used to request compute resources required by containers of the database pods. To learn more, visit here.

spec.podTemplate.spec.imagePullSecrets

KubeDB provides the flexibility of deploying MySQL database from a private Docker registry. spec.podTemplate.spec.imagePullSecrets is an optional field that points to secrets to be used for pulling docker image if you are using a private docker registry. To learn how to deploy MySQL from a private registry, please visit here.

spec.podTemplate.spec.nodeSelector

spec.podTemplate.spec.nodeSelector is an optional field that specifies a map of key-value pairs. For the pod to be eligible to run on a node, the node must have each of the indicated key-value pairs as labels (it can have additional labels as well). To learn more, see here .

spec.podTemplate.spec.serviceAccountName

serviceAccountName is an optional field supported by KubeDB Operator (version 0.13.0 and higher) that can be used to specify a custom service account to fine-tune role-based access control.

If this field is left empty, the KubeDB operator will create a service account name matching MySQL crd name. Role and RoleBinding that provide necessary access permissions will also be generated automatically for this service account.

If a service account name is given, but there’s no existing service account by that name, the KubeDB operator will create one, and Role and RoleBinding that provide necessary access permissions will also be generated for this service account.

If a service account name is given, and there’s an existing service account by that name, the KubeDB operator will use that existing service account. Since this service account is not managed by KubeDB, users are responsible for providing necessary access permissions manually. Follow the guide here to grant necessary permissions in this scenario.

spec.serviceTemplate

You can also provide a template for the services created by KubeDB operator for MySQL database through spec.serviceTemplate. This will allow you to set the type and other properties of the services.

KubeDB allows following fields to set in spec.serviceTemplate:

• metadata:
  • annotations
• spec:
  • type
  • ports
  • clusterIP
  • externalIPs
  • loadBalancerIP
  • loadBalancerSourceRanges
  • externalTrafficPolicy
  • healthCheckNodePort
  • sessionAffinityConfig

See here to understand these fields in detail.

spec.halted

spec.halted is an optional field. This field will be used to halt the kubeDB operator. When you set spec.halted to true, the KubeDB operator doesn’t perform any operation on MySQL object.

Suppose you want to delete the MySQL resources(PetSet, Service etc.) except MySQL object, PVCs and Secret then you need to set spec.halted to true. If you set spec.halted to true then the deletionPolicy in MySQL object will be set Halt by-default.

spec.deletionPolicy

deletionPolicy gives flexibility whether to nullify(reject) the delete operation of MySQL crd or which resources KubeDB should keep or delete when you delete MySQL crd. KubeDB provides the following four termination policies:

• DoNotTerminate
• Halt
• Delete (Default)
• WipeOut

When deletionPolicy is DoNotTerminate, KubeDB takes advantage of ValidationWebhook feature in Kubernetes 1.9.0 or later clusters to implement DoNotTerminate feature. If admission webhook is enabled, DoNotTerminate prevents users from deleting the database as long as the spec.deletionPolicy is set to DoNotTerminate.

Following table show what KubeDB does when you delete MySQL crd for different termination policies,

If you don’t specify spec.deletionPolicy KubeDB uses Delete termination policy by default.

Next Steps

• Learn how to use KubeDB to run a MySQL database here.
• Want to hack on KubeDB? Check our contribution guidelines.